pacman(8)
=========

Name
----
pacman - package manager utility


Synopsis
--------
'pacman' <operation> [options] [targets]


Description
-----------
Pacman is a package management utility that tracks installed packages on a Linux
system. It features dependency support, package groups, install and uninstall
scripts, and the ability to sync your local machine with a remote repository to
automatically upgrade packages. Pacman packages are a zipped tar format.

Since version 3.0.0, pacman has been the front-end to linkman:libalpm[3], the
``Arch Linux Package Management'' library. This library allows alternative
front-ends to be written (for instance, a GUI front-end).

Invoking pacman involves specifying an operation with any potential options and
targets to operate on. A 'target' is usually a package name, file name, URL, or
a search string. Targets can be provided as command line arguments.
Additionally, if stdin is not from a terminal and a single hyphen (-) is passed
as an argument, targets will be read from stdin.


Operations
----------
*-D, \--database*::
	Operate on the package database. This operation allows you to modify
	certain attributes of the installed packages in pacman's database. It
	also allows you to check the databases for internal consistency.
	See <<DO,Database Options>> below.

*-Q, \--query*::
	Query the package database. This operation allows you to view installed
	packages and their files, as well as meta-information about individual
	packages (dependencies, conflicts, install date, build date, size). This
	can be run against the local package database or can be used on
	individual package files. In the first case, if no package names
	are provided in the command line, all installed packages will be
	queried. Additionally, various filters can be applied on the package
	list. See <<QO,Query Options>> below.

*-R, \--remove*::
	Remove package(s) from the system. Groups can also be specified to be
	removed, in which case every package in that group will be removed.
	Files belonging to the specified package will be deleted, and the
	database will be updated. Most configuration files will be saved
	with a '.pacsave' extension unless the '\--nosave' option is used.
	See <<RO,Remove Options>> below.

*-S, \--sync*::
	Synchronize packages. Packages are installed directly from the remote
	repositories, including all dependencies required to run the packages. For
	example, `pacman -S qt` will download and install qt and all the
	packages it depends on. If a package name exists in more than one
	repository, the repository can be explicitly specified to clarify the
	package to install: `pacman -S testing/qt`. You can also specify version
	requirements: `pacman -S "bash>=3.2"`. Quotes are needed, otherwise the
	shell interprets ">" as redirection to a file.
+
In addition to packages, groups can be specified as well. For example, if
gnome is a defined package group, then `pacman -S gnome` will provide a
prompt allowing you to select which packages to install from a numbered list.
The package selection is specified using a space- and/or comma-separated list of
package numbers. Sequential packages may be selected by specifying the first
and last package numbers separated by a hyphen (`-`). Excluding packages is
achieved by prefixing a number or range of numbers with a caret (`^`).
+
Packages that provide other packages are also handled. For example, `pacman -S
foo` will first look for a foo package. If foo is not found, packages that
provide the same functionality as foo will be searched for. If any package is
found, it will be installed. A selection prompt is provided if multiple packages
providing foo are found.
+
You can also use `pacman -Su` to upgrade all packages that are out-of-date. See
<<SO,Sync Options>> below. When upgrading, pacman performs version comparison
to determine which packages need upgrading. This behavior operates as follows:

  Alphanumeric:
    1.0a < 1.0b < 1.0beta < 1.0p < 1.0pre < 1.0rc < 1.0 < 1.0.a < 1.0.1
  Numeric:
    1 < 1.0 < 1.1 < 1.1.1 < 1.2 < 2.0 < 3.0.0
+
Additionally, version strings can have an 'epoch' value defined that will
overrule any version comparison, unless the epoch values are equal. This is
specified in an `epoch:version-rel` format. For example, `2:1.0-1` is always
greater than `1:3.6-1`.

*-T, \--deptest*::
	Check dependencies; this is useful in scripts such as makepkg to check
	installed packages. This operation will check each dependency specified and
	return a list of dependencies that are not currently satisfied on the system.
	This operation accepts no other options. Example usage: `pacman -T qt
	"bash>=3.2"`.

*-U, \--upgrade*::
	Upgrade or add package(s) to the system and install the required
	dependencies from sync repositories. Either a URL or file path can be
	specified. This is a ``remove-then-add'' process. See <<UO,Upgrade
	Options>> below; also see <<HCF,Handling Config Files>> for an explanation
	on how pacman takes care of configuration files.

*-F, \--files*::
	Query the files database. This operation allows you to look for packages
	owning certain files or display files owned by certain packages. Only
	packages that are part of your sync databases are searched. See
	<<FO,File Options>> below.

*-V, \--version*::
	Display version and exit.

*-h, \--help*::
	Display syntax for the given operation. If no operation was supplied,
	then the general syntax is shown.


Options
-------
*-b, \--dbpath* <path>::
	Specify an alternative database location (the default is
	+{localstatedir}/lib/pacman+). This should not be used unless you know what
	you are doing.
	*NOTE*: If specified, this is an absolute path, and the root path is
	not automatically prepended.

*-r, \--root* <path>::
	Specify an alternative installation root (default is +{rootdir}+). This should
	not be used as a way to install software into `/usr/local` instead of
	`/usr`.
	*NOTE*: If database path or log file are not specified on either the
	command line or in linkman:pacman.conf[5], their default location will
	be inside this root path.
	*NOTE*: This option is not suitable for performing operations on a mounted
	guest system. See '\--sysroot' instead.

*-v, \--verbose*::
	Output paths such as the Root, Conf File, DB Path, Cache Dirs, etc.

*\--arch* <arch>::
	Specify an alternate architecture.

*\--cachedir* <dir>::
	Specify an alternative package cache location (the default is
	+{localstatedir}/cache/pacman/pkg+). Multiple cache directories can be
	specified, and they are tried in the order they are passed to pacman.
	*NOTE*: This is an absolute path, and the root path is not automatically
	prepended.

*\--color* <when>::
	Specify when to enable coloring. Valid options are 'always', 'never', or
	'auto'. 'always' forces colors on; 'never' forces colors off; and 'auto' only
	automatically enables colors when outputting onto a tty.

*\--config* <file>::
	Specify an alternate configuration file.

*\--debug*::
	Display debug messages. When reporting bugs, this option is recommended
	to be used.

*\--gpgdir* <dir>::
	Specify a directory of files used by GnuPG to verify package signatures
	(the default is +{sysconfdir}/pacman.d/gnupg+). This directory should contain
	two files: `pubring.gpg` and `trustdb.gpg`. `pubring.gpg` holds the public keys
	of all packagers. `trustdb.gpg` contains a so-called trust database, which
	specifies that the keys are authentic and trusted. *NOTE*: This is an absolute
	path, and the root path is not automatically prepended.

*\--hookdir* <dir>::
	Specify a alternative directory containing hook files (the default is
	+{sysconfdir}/pacman.d/hooks+). Multiple hook directories can be specified
	with hooks in later directories taking precedence over hooks in earlier
	directories. *NOTE*: This is an absolute path, and the root path is not
	automatically prepended.

*\--logfile* <file>::
	Specify an alternate log file. This is an absolute path, regardless of
	the installation root setting.

*\--noconfirm*::
	Bypass any and all ``Are you sure?'' messages. It's not a good idea to do
	this unless you want to run pacman from a script.

*\--confirm*::
	Cancels the effects of a previous '\--noconfirm'.

*\--disable-download-timeout*::
	Disable defaults for low speed limit and timeout on downloads. Use this
	if you have issues downloading files with proxy and/or security gateway.

*\--sysroot* <dir>::
	Specify an alternative system root.  Pacman will chroot and chdir into the
	system root prior to running. This allows mounted guest systems to be
	properly operated on. Any other paths given will be interpreted as relative
	to the system root. Requires root privileges.


Transaction Options (apply to '-S', '-R' and '-U')
--------------------------------------------------
*-d, \--nodeps*::
	Skips dependency version checks. Package names are still checked. Normally,
	pacman will always check a package's dependency fields to ensure that all
	dependencies are installed and there are no package conflicts in the
	system. Specify this option twice to skip all dependency checks.

*\--assume-installed* <package=version>::
	Add a virtual package "package" with version "version" to the transaction
	to satisfy dependencies. This allows disabling the specific dependency checks
	without affecting all dependency checks. To disable all dependency
	checking, see the '\--nodeps' option.

*\--dbonly*::
	Adds/removes the database entry only, leaving all files in place.

*\--noprogressbar*::
	Do not show a progress bar when downloading files. This can be useful
	for scripts that call pacman and capture the output.

*\--noscriptlet*::
	If an install scriptlet exists, do not execute it. Do not use this
	unless you know what you are doing.

*-p, \--print*::
	Only print the targets instead of performing the actual operation (sync,
	remove or upgrade). Use '\--print-format' to specify how targets are
	displayed. The default format string is "%l", which displays URLs with
	'-S', file names with '-U', and pkgname-pkgver with '-R'.

*\--print-format* <format>::
	Specify a printf-like format to control the output of the '\--print'
	operation. The possible attributes are: "%a" for arch, "%b" for
	builddate, "%d" for description, "%e" for pkgbase, "%f" for filename,
	"%g" for base64 encoded PGP signature, "%h" for sha256sum, "%n" for
	pkgname, "%p" for packager, "%v" for pkgver, "%l" for location, "%r"
	for repository, "%s" for size, "%C" for checkdepends, "%D" for depends
	and "%M" for makedepends.
	Implies '\--print'.


Upgrade Options (apply to '-S' and '-U')[[UO]]
----------------------------------------------
*-w, \--downloadonly*::
	Retrieve all packages from the server, but do not install/upgrade anything.

*\--asdeps*::
	Install packages non-explicitly; in other words, fake their install reason
	to be installed as a dependency. This is useful for makepkg and other
	build-from-source tools that need to install dependencies before building
	the package.

*\--asexplicit*::
	Install packages explicitly; in other words, fake their install reason to
	be explicitly installed. This is useful if you want to mark a dependency
	as explicitly installed so it will not be removed by the '\--recursive'
	remove operation.

*\--ignore* <package>::
	Directs pacman to ignore upgrades of package even if there is one
	available. Multiple packages can be specified by separating them
	with a comma.

*\--ignoregroup* <group>::
	Directs pacman to ignore upgrades of all packages in 'group', even if
	there is one available. Multiple groups can be specified by
	separating them with a comma.

*\--needed*::
	Do not reinstall the targets that are already up-to-date.

*\--overwrite* <glob>::
	Bypass file conflict checks and overwrite conflicting files. If the
	package that is about to be installed contains files that are already
	installed and match 'glob', this option will cause all those files to be
	overwritten.  Using '\--overwrite' will not allow overwriting a directory
	with a file or installing packages with conflicting files and directories.
	Multiple patterns can be specified by separating them with a comma. May be
	specified multiple times.  Patterns can be negated, such that files
	matching them will not be overwritten, by prefixing them with an
	exclamation mark. Subsequent matches will override previous ones. A leading
	literal exclamation mark or backslash needs to be escaped.


Query Options (apply to '-Q')[[QO]]
-----------------------------------
*-c, \--changelog*::
	View the ChangeLog of a package if it exists.

*-d, \--deps*::
	Restrict or filter output to packages installed as dependencies. This
	option can be combined with '-t' for listing real orphans - packages that
	were installed as dependencies but are no longer required by any
	installed package.

*-e, \--explicit*::
	Restrict or filter output to explicitly installed packages. This option
	can be combined with '-t' to list explicitly installed packages that
	are not required by any other package.

*-g, \--groups*::
	Display all packages that are members of a named group. If a name is not
	specified, list all grouped packages.

*-i, \--info*::
	Display information on a given package. The '-p' option can be used if
	querying a package file instead of the local database. Passing two
	'\--info' or '-i' flags will also display the list of backup files and
	their modification states.

*-k, \--check*::
	Check that all files owned by the given package(s) are present on the
	system. If packages are not specified or filter flags are not provided,
	check all installed packages. Specifying this option twice will perform
	more detailed file checking (including permissions, file sizes, and
	modification times) for packages that contain the needed mtree file.

*-l, \--list*::
	List all files owned by a given package. Multiple packages can be
	specified on the command line.

*-m, \--foreign*::
	Restrict or filter output to packages that were not found in the sync
	database(s). Typically these are packages that were downloaded manually
	and installed with '\--upgrade'.

*-n, \--native*::
	Restrict or filter output to packages that are found in the sync
	database(s). This is the inverse filter of '\--foreign'.

*-o, \--owns* <file>::
	Search for packages that own the specified file(s). The path can be
	relative or absolute, and one or more files can be specified.

*-p, \--file*::
	Signifies that the package supplied on the command line is a file and
	not an entry in the database. The file will be decompressed and queried.
	This is useful in combination with '\--info' and '\--list'.

*-q, \--quiet*::
	Show less information for certain query operations. This is useful when
	pacman's output is processed in a script. Search will only show package
	names and not version, group, and description information; owns will
	only show package names instead of "file is owned by pkg" messages; group
	will only show package names and omit group names; list will only show
	files and omit package names; check will only show pairs of package names
	and missing files; a bare query will only show package names
	rather than names and versions.

*-s, \--search* <regexp>::
	Search each locally-installed package for names or descriptions that
	match `regexp`. When including multiple search terms, only packages
	with descriptions matching ALL of those terms are returned.

*-t, \--unrequired*::
	Restrict or filter output to print only packages neither required nor
	optionally required by any currently installed package. Specify this
	option twice to include packages which are optionally, but not directly,
	required by another package.

*-u, \--upgrades*::
	Restrict or filter output to packages that are out-of-date on the local
	system. Only package versions are used to find outdated packages;
	replacements are not checked here. This option works best if the sync
	database is refreshed using '-Sy'.


Remove Options (apply to '-R')[[RO]]
------------------------------------
*-c, \--cascade*::
	Remove all target packages, as well as all packages that depend on one
	or more target packages. This operation is recursive and must be used
	with care, since it can remove many potentially needed packages.

*-n, \--nosave*::
	Instructs pacman to ignore file backup designations. Normally, when a
	file is removed from the system, the database is checked to see if the
	file should be renamed with a '.pacsave' extension.

*-s, \--recursive*::
	Remove each target specified including all of their dependencies, provided
	that (A) they are not required by other packages; and (B) they were not
	explicitly installed by the user. This operation is recursive and analogous
	to a backwards '\--sync' operation, and it helps keep a clean system without
	orphans. If you want to omit condition (B), pass this option twice.

*-u, \--unneeded*::
	Removes targets that are not required by any other packages.
	This is mostly useful when removing a group without using the '-c' option,
	to avoid breaking any dependencies.


Sync Options (apply to '-S')[[SO]]
----------------------------------
*-c, \--clean*::
	Remove packages that are no longer installed from the cache as well as
	currently unused sync databases to free up disk space. When pacman
	downloads packages, it saves them in a cache directory. In addition,
	databases are saved for every sync DB you download from and are not
	deleted even if they are removed from the configuration file
	linkman:pacman.conf[5]. Use one '\--clean' switch to only remove
	packages that are no longer installed; use two to remove all files
	from the cache. In both cases, you will have a yes or no option to
	remove packages and/or unused downloaded databases.
+
If you use a network shared cache, see the 'CleanMethod' option in
linkman:pacman.conf[5].

*-g, \--groups*::
	Display all the members for each package group specified. If no group
	names are provided, all groups will be listed; pass the flag twice to
	view all groups and their members.

*-i, \--info*::
	Display information on a given sync database package. Passing two '\--info'
	or '-i' flags will also display those packages in all repositories that
	depend on this package.

*-l, \--list*::
	List all packages in the specified repositories. Multiple repositories
	can be specified on the command line.

*-q, \--quiet*::
	Show less information for certain sync operations. This is useful when
	pacman's output is processed in a script. Search will only show package
	names and not repository, version, group, and description information; list
	will only show package names and omit databases and versions; group will
	only show package names and omit group names.

*-s, \--search* <regexp>::
	This will search each package in the sync databases for names or
	descriptions that match `regexp`. When you include multiple search
	terms, only packages with descriptions matching ALL of those terms will
	be returned.

*-u, \--sysupgrade*::
	Upgrades all packages that are out-of-date. Each currently-installed
	package will be examined and upgraded if a newer package exists. A
	report of all packages to upgrade will be presented, and the operation
	will not proceed without user confirmation. Dependencies are
	automatically resolved at this level and will be installed/upgraded if
	necessary.
+
Pass this option twice to enable package downgrades; in this case, pacman will
select sync packages whose versions do not match with the local versions. This
can be useful when the user switches from a testing repository to a stable one.
+
Additional targets can also be specified manually, so that '-Su foo' will do a
system upgrade and install/upgrade the "foo" package in the same operation.

*-y, \--refresh*::
	Download a fresh copy of the master package database from the server(s)
	defined in linkman:pacman.conf[5]. This should typically be used each time
	you use	'\--sysupgrade' or '-u'. Passing two '\--refresh' or '-y' flags
	will force a refresh of all package databases, even if they appear to be
	up-to-date.


Database Options (apply to '-D')[[QO]]
--------------------------------------
*\--asdeps* <package>::
	Mark a package as non-explicitly installed; in other words, set their install
	reason to be installed as a dependency.

*\--asexplicit* <package>::
	Mark a package as explicitly installed; in other words, set their install
	reason to be explicitly installed. This is useful if you want to keep a
	package installed even when it was initially installed as a dependency
	of another package.

*-k, \--check*::
	Check the local package database is internally consistent. This will
	check all required files are present and that installed packages have
	the required dependencies, do not conflict and that multiple packages
	do not own the same file. Specifying this option twice will perform
	a check on the sync databases to ensure all specified dependencies
	are available.

*-q, \--quiet*::
	Suppress messages on successful completion of database operations.

File Options (apply to '-F')[[FO]]
----------------------------------
*-y, --refresh*::
	Download fresh package databases from the server. Use twice to force a
	refresh even if databases are up to date.

*-l, \--list*::
	List the files owned by the queried package.

*-x, --regex*::
	Interpret each query as a regular expression.

*-q, \--quiet*::
	Show less information for certain file operations. This is useful when
	pacman's output is processed in a script, however, you may want to use
	'--machinereadable' instead.

*--machinereadable*::
	Print each match in a machine readable output format. The format is
	'repository\0pkgname\0pkgver\0path\n' with '\0' being the NULL character
	and '\n' a linefeed.

Handling Config Files[[HCF]]
----------------------------
Pacman uses the same logic as 'rpm' to determine action against files that are
designated to be backed up. During an upgrade, three MD5 hashes are used for
each backup file to determine the required action: one for the original file
installed, one for the new file that is about to be installed, and one for the
actual file existing on the file system. After comparing these three hashes, the
following scenarios can result:

original=X, current=X, new=X::
	All three files are the same, so overwrites are not an issue. Install the
	new file.

original=X, current=X, new=Y::
	The current file is the same as the original, but the new one differs.
	Since the user did not ever modify the file, and the new one may contain
	improvements or bug fixes, install the new file.

original=X, current=Y, new=X::
	Both package versions contain the exact same file, but the one on the
	file system has been modified. Leave the current file in place.

original=X, current=Y, new=Y::
	The new file is identical to the current file. Install the new file.

original=X, current=Y, new=Z::
	All three files are different, so install the new file with a '.pacnew'
	extension and warn the user. The user must then manually merge any
	necessary changes into the original file.

original=NULL, current=Y, new=Z::
	The package was not previously installed, and the file already exists on the
	file system. Install the new file with a '.pacnew' extension and warn the
	user. The user must then manually merge any necessary changes into the
	original file.


Examples
--------

pacman -Ss ne.hack::
	Search for regexp "ne.hack" in package database.

pacman -S gpm::
	Download and install gpm including dependencies.

pacman -U /home/user/ceofhack-0.6-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.gz::
	Install ceofhack-0.6-1 package from a local file.

pacman -Syu::
	Update package list and upgrade all packages afterwards.

pacman -Syu gpm::
	Update package list, upgrade all packages, and then install gpm if it
	wasn't already installed.


Configuration
-------------
See linkman:pacman.conf[5] for more details on configuring pacman using the
'pacman.conf' file.


See Also
--------
linkman:alpm-hooks[5], linkman:libalpm[3], linkman:makepkg[8],
linkman:pacman.conf[5]

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